Business/Finance
US Report: Nigeria Fails Fiscal Transparency Test for Second Consecutive Year
The United States Department of State has again rated Nigeria below its minimum standard for fiscal transparency, saying the country made no significant progress in 2025 in providing citizens with a complete and accessible picture of government revenues and expenditures.
The assessment places Nigeria among 53 governments that failed to meet the US minimum fiscal transparency standards and also recorded no significant improvement during the review period.
The findings are contained in the 2026 Fiscal Transparency Report, which assessed the fiscal transparency practices of 139 governments and the Palestinian Authority.
According to the report, only 73 of the governments assessed met the minimum requirements.
The latest assessment is significant because fiscal transparency goes beyond simply publishing an annual budget.
It concerns whether citizens, legislators, investors and oversight institutions can reasonably determine how much money a government expects to receive, where the money comes from, how it is allocated and how it is ultimately spent.
For Nigeria, the US assessment raises fresh questions about the quality, completeness and accessibility of public financial information at a time when the Federal Government is pursuing major economic reforms and managing substantial borrowing, debt-servicing obligations and competing expenditure demands.
US: Nigeria’s budget does not provide complete financial picture
The State Department’s assessment was based on information gathered between January 1 and December 31, 2025, including material obtained through the US Embassy in Abuja, other US government agencies, international organisations and civil society groups.
The department said governments were expected to make key budget information publicly available and ensure that their fiscal documents provided a substantially complete picture of public finances.
Nigeria, according to the report, fell short of that benchmark.
“Budget documents did not provide a substantially complete picture of the government’s revenues and expenditures, or break down expenditures to support executive offices in the budget,” the report stated.
The criticism goes to the heart of public accountability.
A transparent budget should allow citizens to follow the money, from the point at which government raises revenue to the point at which that money is appropriated and eventually spent.
The US assessment indicates that Nigeria’s published budget information did not sufficiently achieve that objective.
What the US considers a transparent budget
The State Department’s standard requires substantially complete budget documents to provide detailed information about government income and expenditure.
Among other things, the documents are expected to show expenditure by ministry and other government entities, identify revenue according to its source and type, including oil and non-oil revenues, and disclose allocations to state-owned enterprises and special accounts.
The report found that Nigeria’s budget documents did not meet those expectations.
This is particularly important for Nigeria because the country’s public finances involve multiple layers of revenue and expenditure, including oil and non-oil revenues, statutory allocations, government-owned enterprises, intervention funds, special accounts and other public financial arrangements.
Without comprehensive disclosure, citizens may find it difficult to determine how much money is available to government and how effectively those resources are being deployed.
Second consecutive year of failure
The latest assessment means Nigeria has now failed to satisfy the US minimum fiscal transparency requirements for a second consecutive year.
More significantly, the country was not among the governments that demonstrated significant progress during the latest review.
Of the 67 governments that failed to meet the minimum standards, 14 nevertheless recorded significant improvement. Nigeria was among the 53 that did not.
The report does not merely say that Nigeria’s fiscal transparency remains below the required benchmark. It also suggests that the country did not make sufficient progress during 2025 to move closer to compliance.
For a country seeking to attract investment, improve public revenue collection and strengthen confidence in its economic management, that represents a significant institutional challenge.
Transparency concerns come amid complicated budget implementation
The report comes at a time when Nigeria’s budget process has itself become increasingly complicated.
The country has faced overlapping budget implementation and legislative processes, while the Federal Government has also been undertaking major fiscal reforms.
There have been concerns over the implementation of successive appropriations, supplementary budgets and adjustments to government spending plans.
The situation makes access to clear and comprehensive fiscal information even more important.
A budget is not simply a political document announcing what government intends to spend. It is also an accountability instrument.
Citizens need to know what was approved, what was released, what was actually spent and what outcomes were achieved.
Where those links are difficult to establish, public scrutiny becomes weaker.
Presidency says transparency remains a priority
The Federal Government, however, has rejected any suggestion that transparency and accountability are being ignored.
The Presidency said following the release of the US report that transparency, accountability and effective public financial management remained important priorities of the administration.
The government’s position is particularly relevant as the administration of President Bola Tinubu seeks to overhaul Nigeria’s fiscal structure, increase non-oil revenues and reduce dependence on crude oil earnings.
The administration has introduced several fiscal and tax reforms as part of its broader effort to strengthen government finances.
However, improved revenue collection must be matched by improved disclosure if Nigerians are to understand how additional resources are being managed.
Why the report matters to ordinary Nigerians
Fiscal transparency can appear to be a technical issue reserved for economists, accountants and public-sector officials.
In reality, it has direct consequences for ordinary Nigerians.
Every naira collected by government and every naira spent on roads, hospitals, schools, security, salaries, social programmes and infrastructure ultimately affects citizens.
When budget information is incomplete or difficult to follow, citizens have fewer tools to determine whether government is delivering value for money.
It can also make it harder for journalists, civil society organisations, opposition politicians and lawmakers to effectively scrutinise public expenditure.
Transparency therefore serves as an early warning mechanism against waste, duplication, weak procurement practices and possible misuse of public resources.
The report also has implications beyond domestic accountability.
International investors, development institutions and credit analysts routinely examine the quality of a country’s public financial management when assessing economic risks.
A country where government revenue and spending are difficult to track can be perceived as carrying greater institutional and fiscal uncertainty.
That does not automatically mean Nigeria is incapable of attracting investment. Rather, it highlights an area in which stronger institutions and better disclosure could improve confidence.
The International Monetary Fund’s 2026 Article IV assessment, for example, continues to identify significant fiscal pressures facing Nigeria, including elevated expenditure, financing needs and debt-servicing costs.
Against that backdrop, credible and easily accessible fiscal information becomes even more important.
Nigeria’s challenge is therefore not simply to publish more budget documents.
The more fundamental requirement is to make public finances understandable, comprehensive and verifiable.
That means clearly showing how much government expects to receive from oil and non-oil sources, what ministries and agencies receive, how much is allocated to government-owned entities and special accounts, and how approved spending translates into actual expenditure.
It also requires timely publication of budget implementation reports and financial statements so that Nigerians can compare what was promised with what was delivered.
Some Nigerian subnational governments have already developed public budget-data portals that provide approved budgets, citizen budgets and periodic budget reports, demonstrating that more detailed public disclosure is technically achievable.
The federal government’s challenge is to bring similar consistency and comprehensiveness to the national level.
A test of the government’s reform agenda
The US assessment arrives at a sensitive moment for the Tinubu administration.
The government has repeatedly presented fiscal reform, revenue mobilisation and public financial management as central components of its economic agenda.
That makes transparency an important measure of whether those reforms are strengthening not only government revenue but also public accountability.
The 2026 report does not accuse Nigeria of corruption simply because it failed the fiscal transparency test. The finding is narrower: the government did not provide sufficient fiscal information to meet the US benchmark, and it did not make significant progress toward that standard during 2025.
But the implication is equally clear: Nigeria’s fiscal reform agenda will remain incomplete if citizens cannot clearly see how public money is raised, allocated and spent.
For a country facing enormous demands for infrastructure, security, education, healthcare and economic opportunity, transparency is not merely an international reporting requirement.
It is a fundamental part of public trust.
The US assessment should not be dismissed as another foreign ranking.
Nigeria’s fiscal transparency problem is ultimately a domestic governance issue.
The question is not whether Washington is satisfied with Nigeria’s budget documents. The more important question is whether Nigerians themselves have enough information to hold their government accountable for every naira entrusted to it.
A government can have a large budget and still have weak transparency. It can increase revenue without adequately explaining where the additional money goes.
It can announce ambitious infrastructure projects without making it sufficiently easy for citizens to track allocations, releases, contracts and implementation.
That is why the next stage of Nigeria’s fiscal reform should be measured not only by how much government collects, but also by how clearly the public can follow the money.
Nigeria Insight will continue to examine the country’s public finances, budget implementation and economic reforms with a focus on what the numbers mean for Nigerians.
Business/Finance
Nobel Prize Money Rises to $1.27m for 2026 Laureates
The Nobel Foundation has increased the prize money for the 2026 Nobel Prize laureates to 12 million Swedish kronor, equivalent to about $1.27 million, for each prize category.
The foundation announced the increase on Friday, raising the award from the 11 million kronor paid to laureates in 2025.
The latest increase represents an additional one million kronor, or approximately $106,000, for each prize category.
However, where a prize is awarded to more than one laureate, the 12 million-kroner prize sum will be shared among the recipients.
The Nobel Foundation Director, Hanna Stjarne, said the increase was particularly significant as the Nobel Prize celebrates its 125th anniversary this year.
“This year, we are celebrating the 125th anniversary of the Nobel Prize, and in connection with this, we are pleased to be able to increase the prize amount by one million (kroner),” Stjarne said in a statement.
She explained that the adjustment was intended to preserve the long-term value and significance of the prestigious awards.
“By increasing the prize amount, we uphold the long-term significance of the Nobel Prize and ensure that the financial part of the prize retains its value over time,” she added.
The Nobel Prizes were first awarded in 1901, with the original prize amount standing at 150,782 kronor per discipline.
Over the decades, the monetary value attached to the awards has changed in response to economic conditions and decisions by the Nobel Foundation.
The 2026 Nobel Prize announcements will take place between October 5 and October 12, with six prize categories scheduled for recognition.
The Nobel week will begin on October 5 with the announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
The Physics Prize will follow on October 6, while the Chemistry Prize will be announced on October 7.
The Nobel Prize in Literature is scheduled for October 8, followed by the Nobel Peace Prize on October 9.
The economics prize, officially known as the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, will bring the 2026 announcements to a close on October 12.
The Nobel Prizes recognise individuals and organisations whose work is judged to have conferred the greatest benefit to humanity in fields established in accordance with Alfred Nobel’s will.
The awards have become among the world’s most prestigious honours, attracting global attention each year across science, literature, peace and economics.
Business/Finance
EFCC Warns POS Operators Against Aiding Fraudsters, Money Launderers
The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission has warned Point of Sale operators across Nigeria against aiding fraudsters, money launderers and other criminals in perpetrating financial crimes.
The EFCC Chairman, Ola Olukoyede, issued the warning on Thursday when a delegation of the Association of Mobile Money and Bank Agents in Nigeria, led by its National President, Oti Obioha, visited the Commission’s headquarters.
Olukoyede, who spoke through his Chief of Staff, Commander of the EFCC, Michael Nzekwe, said POS operators were increasingly being linked to transactions involving money laundering, terrorist financing and ransom payments.
He urged AMMBAN to strengthen its regulatory structure and establish a comprehensive framework for monitoring its members and maintaining accurate records.
“We have realized that the issues of money laundering, terrorist financing, and even ransom payments are made mostly from POS machines,” Nzekwe quoted Olukoyede as saying.
According to the EFCC chairman, proper records of POS operators and their transactions would assist law enforcement agencies in tracing suspicious funds and identifying individuals involved in financial crimes.
“Your association needs to do more, by coming up with a structure and a comprehensive framework that will have records of all your operators, so that during the course of investigation, we will be able to trace, monitor and have records that can aid us,” he said.
Olukoyede also questioned the level of supervision, training and record-keeping within the POS sector, asking the association to demonstrate the measures it had put in place to ensure compliance among its members.
“My question is, what is the impact of your association on the members? Do you train your members? Do you have records of the address of your members?” he asked.
The EFCC boss further raised concerns over the alleged involvement of some POS operators in fraudulent activities, saying some operators could knowingly or unknowingly facilitate criminal transactions.
“There are even some POS operators who are actually fraudsters; they aid, conspire, give out information and abet fraudsters,” he said.
He noted that inadequate transaction records often create difficulties for investigators attempting to trace funds transferred through POS outlets.
“Most times, in the course of investigation, when you find out that money was laundered through a POS operator, by the time you bring them in, they won’t even know the person who sent the money and who withdrew it — no records of the transactions — and no one is asking questions,” Olukoyede said.
He therefore urged AMMBAN to ensure that its members maintain proper financial records for every transaction and keep reliable information on their operators across the country.
The EFCC chairman also expressed the Commission’s readiness to collaborate with the association on training, public awareness and information sharing to strengthen efforts against financial crimes within the POS sector.
Responding, AMMBAN National President, Oti Obioha, thanked the EFCC for receiving the delegation and acknowledged the need for stronger cooperation between the association and the anti-graft agency.
“We deem it fit to present ourselves to help and work with the EFCC in preventing money laundering and other kinds of fraud,” Obioha said.
He explained that POS operators have a strong presence at the grassroots and could therefore play a significant role in preventing and detecting financial crimes.
“We are at the grassroots, and we observe that your institution is always inviting our members, so we wish we could have a partnership that can see to the training of our members on some of the issues like financial thresholds and the risks involved in some of our operations,” he said.
Obioha said the association was prepared to work with the EFCC to reduce fraudulent activities within the sector, particularly through improved training and awareness.
“We want to collaborate in the areas of training, because most of our agents don’t know the rules of our operations. So, we need to partner in creating awareness,” he said.
The proposed collaboration is expected to focus on improving compliance, strengthening transaction monitoring and educating POS operators on the risks associated with handling suspicious funds and transactions.
With POS services now widely used for cash withdrawals, transfers and other financial transactions, the EFCC’s warning underscores the importance of proper record-keeping and greater oversight within the sector.
Business/Finance
Sanusi Admits Blocking Telcos From Banking Was a Mistake
Former Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and Emir of Kano, Muhammadu Sanusi II, has admitted that his decision to delay the entry of telecommunications companies into Nigeria’s financial services sector while he was at the apex bank was a mistake that slowed the country’s financial inclusion efforts.
Sanusi made the admission on Wednesday during a fireside chat at the official launch of the Access to Financial Services in Nigeria 2026 Survey Report in Abuja.
The discussion was moderated by the Dean of Lagos Business School, Prof. Olayinka David-West.
Reflecting on some of the policy decisions taken during his tenure as CBN governor between 2009 and 2014, Sanusi said he was responsible for delaying the participation of telecommunications companies in financial services.
“I’m responsible for delaying the entry of telcos into this space,” he said.
The former CBN governor explained that his decision was influenced by concerns over the safety of depositors’ funds, particularly because Nigeria had just emerged from a banking crisis.
He said he was uncomfortable with allowing companies that were not primarily regulated by the CBN to gain access to large pools of customers’ funds.
“Part of the challenge, of course, was that we had just come out of a banking crisis where we were worried about depositors’ funds.
And I wasn’t comfortable allowing companies that I was not a primary regulator of to have access to a huge pool of funds,” Sanusi said.
However, he acknowledged that the decision, despite being motivated by concerns about financial stability, ultimately slowed the expansion of financial services to underserved Nigerians.
“So again, this is one case where you have a good intention, but you take a wrong decision,” he said.
Sanusi recalled that he resisted pressure from various institutions and stakeholders, including the World Bank, to open up the financial services space to telecommunications companies more quickly.
“I fought the World Bank. I fought everybody,” he said.
According to him, allowing telecommunications companies and technology firms to participate earlier could have accelerated Nigeria’s efforts to bring millions of financially excluded citizens into the formal financial system.
“I do think if I had allowed that to happen, it would have been much more progress,” he added.
Banks lack sufficient reach
Sanusi said developments in digital finance in recent years had demonstrated the limitations of relying mainly on traditional banks to achieve widespread financial inclusion.
He noted that banks lacked the physical reach required to serve large sections of the Nigerian population, particularly people operating outside the formal economy.
“I think we made more progress in the last few years than we did in the first one, because the banks simply don’t have the boots on the ground. They don’t have the footprint,” he said.
His comments came as the 2026 Access to Financial Services survey recorded further improvement in Nigeria’s financial inclusion indicators.
According to the survey, overall financial inclusion increased to 79 per cent in 2026, while the proportion of financially excluded Nigerians declined to 21 per cent.
Formal financial inclusion also increased to 73 per cent, compared with 64 per cent recorded in 2023.
While acknowledging the progress, Sanusi stressed that access to financial services should not automatically be interpreted as an improvement in people’s incomes or living standards.
He said opening bank accounts and facilitating digital transactions were important, but did not necessarily mean that Nigerians were earning more or becoming less poor.
“Opening an account, moving money, is not the same as earning money. It’s not the same as talking about poverty,” he said.
Sanusi seeks stronger link between finance and real economy
The former CBN governor argued that financial services should be more closely connected to productive economic activities such as agriculture, manufacturing and trade.
He said the growth of fintech companies and other digital financial service providers could provide an opportunity to connect financial transactions with the movement of goods and services, from farmers and producers to markets and manufacturers.
Sanusi also called for Nigeria’s digital payment infrastructure to be used to expand access to savings, pensions and insurance.
He suggested that digital financial service providers could develop products that enable Nigerians, particularly informal-sector workers, to accumulate small amounts of money from their regular transactions.
According to him, such systems could help people build savings, pension contributions and insurance protection without requiring them to make large periodic payments.
Sanusi said that if he were leading the CBN today, he would bring major digital financial service providers together and challenge them to develop savings and pension products using the transaction data and networks already available to them.
Inflation remains threat to savings
The former CBN governor also urged the apex bank to maintain its focus on price stability, describing inflation as a major threat to household savings and wealth.
“There is no enemy to savings, no enemy to wealth that is bigger than inflation,” he said.
Sanusi warned against abandoning tight monetary policy prematurely, arguing that sustainable savings and stronger household financial resilience would depend partly on bringing inflation under control.
He said maintaining price stability should remain an important priority for monetary authorities as Nigeria seeks to deepen financial inclusion.
Unified identity system
Sanusi also reflected on the development of a unified identification framework for bank customers, describing it as part of the infrastructure needed to expand financial services.
He recalled the resistance that greeted efforts to establish a single identification system across the banking industry instead of allowing individual banks to operate separate identification systems.
According to him, Nigeria now has financial infrastructure that can support the expansion of credit, insurance, pensions and other financial products.
However, he stressed that the focus should shift towards ensuring that financial access translates into meaningful economic opportunities for Nigerians.
Sanusi warns against fragmented consumer protection
The former CBN governor further warned that fragmented consumer protection regulation could undermine confidence in the financial system.
He argued that overlapping responsibilities among the CBN, the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission and other regulators could create confusion for consumers seeking to resolve complaints.
Sanusi said clearly defined responsibilities were necessary to ensure that consumers know where to turn when they experience problems with financial institutions.
“Consumer protection is so critical to financial inclusion that once you begin to fragment and there isn’t one point of call, there is an issue,” he said.
Sanusi’s remarks underline the changing nature of Nigeria’s financial inclusion landscape, with telecommunications companies, fintech firms and digital payment platforms increasingly playing a role alongside traditional banks.
The 2026 survey figures indicate continued expansion in access to formal financial services, while the former CBN governor’s reflections highlight the need to ensure that greater financial access is accompanied by improved savings, investment opportunities and participation in productive economic activities.
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